Posterior
Mediastinal Masses
Posterior
Mediastinal Masses
©
William Herring, MD, FACR
Neurogenic Tumors
Peripheral nerve origin
Neurofibromas
Neurilemomas (Schwannomas)
Neurogenic Tumors
Sympathetic nerve origin
Ganglioneuromas
Usually benign
Neuroblastomas
Usually malignant
Sympathicoblastomas
Usually malignant
Paraganglionic cells
Pheochromocytoma
Chemodactomas (paragangliomas)—
benign or
malignant
Posterior Mediastinum
Anatomy
Bordered anteriorly by pericardium
Posteriorly by anterior border of spine
Paravertebral gutters technically excluded from
posterior mediastinum
For practical purposes considered part of it
Posterior Mediastinum
Contents
Descending aorta
Esophagus
Thoracic duct
Vagus nerves
Nodes
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Benign vs. Malignant
About 30% malignant
Nerve sheath tumors most common and
usually benign
Neoplasms which arise from nerve
elements other than sheath usually
malignant
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Neurofibromas
In adults, neurofibroma and neurilemomas
(Schwannomas) most common
Neurofibroma contains Schwann cells plus
nerve cells
Occur 3rd or 4th decade
Schwannoma derived from sheath of Schwann
without nerve cell
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Ganglioneuroma
In children, ganglioneuroma and
neuroblastoma are most common
Ganglioneuroma
benign tumor
Neuroblastoma
malignant tumor
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Neuroblastoma
Very malignant, undifferentiated round
cell lesion
From sympathetic ganglion
Usually <10 years old
Produces “iron-filings” appearance to
sutures in skull infiltrated with tumor
“Iron Filings” appearance of suture
from metastases from neuroblastoma
“Iron Filings” appearance of suture
from metastases from neuroblastoma
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Calcification
Calcification in posterior mediastinal
mass points to neural tumor in child
rather than met from somewhere else
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
General
Posterior mediastinal neurofibromas
only rarely associated with
neurofibromatosis
Most have no symptoms
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Imaging
Rib erosions
Both benign and malignant
Enlarged neural foramina
(dumbell shaped
lesion)
Scalloping of posterior vertebral bodies
Scoliosis
Pleural effusion
Both benign and malignant neural tumor
Neurofibroma
Multiple subcutaneous neurofibromas (yellow arrows)
Neurofibroma
Multiple subcutaneous neurofibromas (yellow arrows)
Posterior Scalloping of lumbar
vertebral bodies in neurofibromatosis
Posterior Scalloping of lumbar
vertebral bodies in neurofibromatosis
Lateral Meningocele in neurofibromatosis
Lateral Meningocele in neurofibromatosis
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Paraspinal Abscess
Paraspinal abscess from TB
– look for
destruction of two contiguous endplates
plus narrowing of
intervening disc space
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Other Causes
Neurenteric cysts
may have associated
hemivertebra
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
should be
associated with splenomegaly and
sometimes widening of ribs
Posterior mediastinal mass from extramedullary hematopoiesis
Posterior mediastinal mass from extramedullary hematopoiesis
The End
The End